Medicine is one of the oldest sciences, tasked with preserving human life, maintaining health, alleviating suffering, and ultimately eliminating it. Throughout history and across all nations, the medical profession has been regarded as one of the most significant and honorable vocations. Among the ancient Greeks and Romans, for instance, the murder of a physician, even one belonging to an enemy faction, was considered a grave crime. As Homer notes in The Odyssey, “A physician is a man who is worth many others.”

A physician, by virtue of their professional responsibilities, must embody high moral standards and possess ethical qualities that foster an attitude of profound humanity, respect, and compassion toward patients.

The term "ethics" originates from the Greek word "ethos," which signifies custom or morality. The term "morality" bears a similar connotation. Consequently, the terms "ethics" and "morality" are often used interchangeably. Ethics is frequently regarded as a science, theory, or doctrine of morality, encompassing the study of forms of social consciousness.

Ethics examines not only interpersonal relationships but also humanity's interactions with facts, events, and phenomena in various aspects of life, including science and the practical application of its advancements. In this context, it is both possible and necessary to consider the ethical dimensions of every field of activity and knowledge, including the moral implications of scientific endeavors.

Progressive scientists express concern about the potential misuse of significant scientific achievements to harm humanity and compromise public health. A prominent example is the application of discoveries in nuclear physics to develop thermonuclear weapons for military purposes. Similar concerns arise regarding the unethical use of genetic engineering for inhumane objectives. This apprehension extends to other fields such as robotics, bacteriology, and immunology, where scientific advancements could also be misused.

The ethical writings of Hippocrates, including The Oath, The Law, On Noble Conduct, Instructions, On the Physician, and others, exemplify the elevated standards of medical ethics in ancient Greece and reflect the moral advancement of Greek physicians. The central theme permeating these works is the profound love for humanity and the medical profession itself. Hippocrates asserted, “Where there is love for humanity, there is also love for one’s art.” An individual dedicated to the practice of medicine must possess innate talent, a strong work ethic, perseverance, and meticulousness. Additionally, such a person should embody exemplary moral virtues. The renowned Tajik scholar of the 10th and 11th centuries, philosopher, and physician Abuali ibn Sino (Avicenna, 980–1037), also placed significant emphasis on medical ethics. Abuali ibn Sino underscored that a physician’s authority is rooted not only in knowledge, expertise, and experience but also in their spiritual and moral integrity. A physician must protect patients from fear and sorrow, demonstrating attentiveness and kindness. Ibn Sino even recommended, in certain circumstances, engaging patients with music, singing, games, and storytelling to uplift their spirits. He emphasized the power of a physician’s words—compassionate and empathetic—stating, “There are patients who can be healed through words.”

The principles of medical ethics and deontology guiding the doctor-patient relationship are derived from centuries of professional practice and universal human values.

Addressing issues related to medical ethics and deontology is often complex and not devoid of controversy. For practical implementation, codes of medical ethics and deontology are developed, serving as essential guidelines. Compliance with these codes is deemed obligatory for medical professionals. Fundamentally, the Hippocratic Oath may be regarded as a foundational framework for a physician's professional conduct, essentially functioning as a code of medical ethics and deontology. Upholding the principles of the Hippocratic Oath and adhering to the standards of medical ethics and deontology demand a high level of professionalism. This includes a mastery of the fundamental concepts, methods, and tools of medical psychology, as well as the possession of specific personal qualities such as empathy, compassion, kindness, self-control, and the ability to earn patients' trust and respect.

Juraeva N.S.
Head of the department of public health and medical statistics with a course in the history of medicine